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Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It can be contrasted with soft systems, for which systems thinking must handle many ill-defined, or not easily quantified elements.

Hard systems approaches such as systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on, assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined and likely to have a single, optimum solution, so a problem-solving approach will work well as technical factors tend to predominate.cite-ref-jackson-1991-1-0[1]cite-ref-jackson-2003-2-0[2]

• Developments in hard systems thinking

• See also

• References

Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s.

• Systems engineering

• Systems analysis

• Systems dynamics

cite-note-jackson-1991-11. ↑ Michael C. Jackson (1991). Systems methodology for the management sciences. New York, NY: Plenum Press.

cite-note-jackson-2003-22. ↑ Michael C. Jackson (2003). Systems thinking: Creative holism for managers. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.